C++ :: When Compiler Do Template Instantiation

As we know in the compilation stage, the compiler will instantiate a concrete type for a template, for example:

template<class T> void test(T m ) {
cout << m << endl;
}
int main() {
int kl = 0;
test<int>(kl);
}

In the main function, the compiler will try to have a int entry. Also we know that in the compilation stage, generally we have several steps: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, grammer analysis and intermediate language(IR).

So my question is: In which step is the instantiation done? Before IR or after IR?